The reason you have to teach a child to blow there nose, is because it is not
a natural reflex, like sniffing is. Mother Nature assures me that she prefers
that a child sniff, rather than blow. Blowing not only forces germs into your
sinuses and middle ear, but helps to spread the cold. I know this this idea
of sniffing snot may be hard to swallow (heh), so here is a reference for you
close to home, Dave.
NOSE BLOWING MAY MAKE COLDS WORSE
October 01, 1999
SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters Health) -- One sure sign of the common cold is nasal
discharge, and blowing your nose to clear it. But nose blowing may propel
bacteria or viruses into the sinuses, which can make the cold even worse,
according to a study presented this week at the Interscience Conference on
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy meeting in San Francisco.
Cold treatments that reduce nasal mucus should be started early, the
researchers advise, to "help prevent spread of the cold to the sinuses."
Dr. Joseph O. Hendley of the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center
and colleagues compared the pressure in the nasal cavities of four healthy
adult volunteers during nose blowing with that created during coughing and
sneezing to determine if any of these activities could force mucus from the
nose into the sinuses.
Pressure in the sinuses during sneezing and coughing was 6 to 8 mm Hg, but
jumped tenfold to 70 to 80 mmHg during nose blowing, Hendley said.
The research team also studied a fluid of similar viscosity, or 'stickiness,'
to nasal mucus, and found that at the pressure caused by coughing and
sneezing, mucus is unlikely to be forced into sinus cavities. But at the
pressures caused by nose blowing, such fluid could be forced into sinuses.
The researchers continued their investigation by squirting a radio-opaque dye
into the nasopharynx of 10 healthy volunteers who then coughed, sneezed, or
blew their noses. Follow-up CT scans showed no dye in the sinuses of the
three who coughed or the three who sneezed. However, "...dye was found in the
sinus cavities of all four individuals who blew their noses," Hendley told
Reuters Health.
Cold treatments that reduce nasal mucus "are desirable," write the
researchers, "not only because of their symptomatic benefits but also because
of the possibility that they may help prevent spread of the cold to the
sinuses."
Hendley and colleagues note that a previous study showed that cold sufferers
blow their noses about 45 times per day on the first 3 days of a cold.
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
First, I should introduce myself. My name is Julia Winter, and I'm a
fairly new pediatrician (finished my residency in 1997). I look forward to
learning more of "that stuff no-one teaches you in school" from a forum
like this. In fact, I'm already learning! Dave sent in an interesting new
release about nose-blowing:
>
>NOSE BLOWING MAY MAKE COLDS WORSE
>
>October 01, 1999
>
>SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters Health) -- One sure sign of the common cold is nasal
>discharge, and blowing your nose to clear it. But nose blowing may propel
>bacteria or viruses into the sinuses, which can make the cold even worse,
>according to a study presented this week at the Interscience Conference on
>Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy meeting in San Francisco.
>
>snip<
>Dr. Joseph O. Hendley of the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center
>and colleagues compared the pressure in the nasal cavities of four healthy
>adult volunteers during nose blowing with that created during coughing and
>sneezing to determine if any of these activities could force mucus from the
>nose into the sinuses.
>
>snip<
Now, I can see where this could be true, and maybe it's just our "yuck!"
response to the mucus appearing in one's mouth that keeps us from doing
what is healthiest, but I do have a concern about drawing conclusions from
this study.
They say they used healthy adult volunteers--presumably none of these folks
had an actual cold at the time of the measurements. Is it possible that
because "blowing" is a learned behavior, the volunteers were able to
perform it more strongly/accurately than "artificial" coughs or sneezes? I
mean, if someone tells me to "sneeze," I'll do my best, and it will sound
like "achoo!" but it won't be nearly as overwhelming and powerful as an
actual sneeze in the course of a cold.
Also, the study compared blowing your nose with sneezing and coughing, but
there was no mention of forceful sniffling. Once your nose is really
blocked, I would guess the pressures produced by sniffling can also be
quite high.
I suppose the strongest conclusion to be drawn from this study is the same
mentioned by the researchers in the article--that we should emphasize mucus
control rather than forceful mucus expulsion. To me, that suggests
frequent use of a vaporizer, and a more recently discovered remedy: a
gentle swimming session in a chlorinated pool will work wonders for
clearing out nose and sinuses without violence. O.K., this isn't widely
available during cold season, but I've found for myself that a lap session
in an indoor pool makes me feel much better!
Good luck to all in making it through the winter season,
Julia Winter M.S. M.D.
ZZZZzzz |\ _,,,---,,_
/,`.-'`' -. ;-;;,_
|,4- ) )-,_. ,\ ( `'-'
'---''(_/--' `-'\_)
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
Julia Winter wrote:
>To me, that suggests
>frequent use of a vaporizer, and a more recently discovered remedy: a
>gentle swimming session in a chlorinated pool will work wonders for
>clearing out nose and sinuses without violence. O.K., this isn't widely
>available during cold season, but I've found for myself that a lap session
>in an indoor pool makes me feel much better!
I'm wondering if the pool is chlorinated enough to kill the cold virus
once expelled into the water? We were assuming that it wasn't, so
were avoiding the pool while sick.
In addition, I have a friend whose pediatrician said to stop baby swim
classes completely during the fall/winter because of multiple
recurrent ear infections. Her baby is 12 months old now and it wasn't
a dunking class, just a familiarization to water class...she (the
doctor) did not explain why...is there some link between getting the
ears wet and middle ear infections? or is it because the baby might
get chilled while changing? or is it simply because there are too many
viruses hanging out at the pool? Hence my personal reluntance to
"share my snot" with other bathers...
Thanks,
Dorothy Lowry (Mom)
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
Julia Winter wrote:
> I look forward to
> learning more of "that stuff no-one teaches you in school" from a forum
> like this. In fact, I'm already learning!
We probably learned all of this important stuff in kindergarten but just
forgot it after all the rigors of training!
> Also, the study compared blowing your nose with sneezing and coughing, but
> there was no mention of forceful sniffling. Once your nose is really
> blocked, I would guess the pressures produced by sniffling can also be
> quite high.
I've been thinking about this and it seems that sniffling is the way to go.
A forceful sniff ought to cause a swift air velocity through the nasal
passages directed inward from the nostrils through the nasal cavity and
down into the oropharynx. Also, the sniff is created via the large
*negative* pressure of inspiration.
Considering the negative pressure of inspiration plus a Bernoulli effect,
pressure within this area drops--this ought to cause fluid/mucus/air from
the sinus cavities to be drawn into the nasal airway--hopefully cleaning
out the sinuses of any accumulating "schmutz"!
(As contrasted to a large expiratory positive pressure when blowing the
nose against the obstructing mucus--plus an even higher pressure if you
block one side of your nose when blowing.)
Makes sense to me. I seem to recall this sensation the last time I had a
cold and gave a forceful sniff. Since I haven't had a cold in quite some
time, if anyone out there who's suffering currently could give this a try
and let us know, it would be interesting to get some feedback.
--
Have a Happy Millennial New Year------Gary M. on LI
Clinton 8/17/98 GJ-59: "depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is"
Forbes2000:
http://208.241.241.35/ePrecinctRegistrationCenter.html?OID=60713
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
Gary's been putting some thought into the "sniffling" dilemma, and it shows:
>A forceful sniff ought to cause a swift air velocity through the nasal
>passages directed inward from the nostrils through the nasal cavity and
>down into the oropharynx. Also, the sniff is created via the large
>*negative* pressure of inspiration.
>
>Considering the negative pressure of inspiration plus a Bernoulli effect,
>pressure within this area drops--this ought to cause fluid/mucus/air from
>the sinus cavities to be drawn into the nasal airway--hopefully cleaning
>out the sinuses of any accumulating "schmutz"!
>
>(As contrasted to a large expiratory positive pressure when blowing the
>nose against the obstructing mucus--plus an even higher pressure if you
>block one side of your nose when blowing.)
O.K.--a strong argument for sniffling versus blowing your nose. I had to
get my fiance' the pilot to try to explain the Bernoulli effect to me, but
I think I can see now that moving snot from creating negative pressure in
your chest is less likely to push stuff into your sinuses than moving snot
by forcing it with positive pressure *from* your chest.
Such a fascinating discussion for a rainy Sunday!
Re: germ killing strength of pool water--I'm sure it varies greatly from
pool to pool, but the public indoor pool I swim at has so much bleach in
the water it has reduced my formerly black swimming suit to a very sad and
murky pale grey, and it cured the rash on my friend's left foot! Powerful
stuff.
Speaking of exposure to viri, I'm interested in the theory that early and
frequent exposure to (mild) pathogens is actually "good" for kids, in that
it reduces the risk/incidence of allergies. To quote a British friend of
mine "You can't be TOO hygienic, that's wot I always say!" Is anyone out
there familiar with the research behind this proposition?
Julia Winter M.S. M.D.
General Pediatrician who studied Nutritional Sciences
(Alumnus of UIUC's Med Scholar Program)
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
At 03:40 PM 02/13/2000 -0800, Julia Winter wrote:
>Speaking of exposure to viri, I'm interested in the theory that early and
>frequent exposure to (mild) pathogens is actually "good" for kids, in that
>it reduces the risk/incidence of allergies. To quote a British friend of
>mine "You can't be TOO hygienic, that's wot I always say!" Is anyone out
>there familiar with the research behind this proposition?
>
>Julia Winter M.S. M.D.
I'm not sure about allergies, but I have vague memories of a study within
the last few years showing that older kids who developed IDDM had less of
an "illness exposure history" (daycare, preschool, etc.) than a matched
control group. A theory was that a particular viral illness might be more
benign when contracted as a young child but more invasive - especially to
the pancreas - when contracted by older children. If exposure when young
resulted in lasting immunity, kids with multiple opportunities for exposure
to various viruses when young would be statistically more likely to have
immunity to this (and/or related) virus(es) if exposed later in life
when resulting diseases might be more virulent.
Interesting, if true.
Michael Sachs, M.D.
General Pediatrician
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
My dog never seems to get sick, and he eats and licks the worst stuff...
My father was a pediatrician (still is, just retired) and when I was growing up,
the office was attached to our house for the first 5 years. Just a door between
us and the screaming hoards. I rarely if ever missed school due to illness.
Even now I think I have missed two half days of private practice due to illness
in 16 years. I chuckle at all those teacher-parents who are afraid of carrying
germs home from school to their kids. Maybe there is some truth here somewhere.
The biggest problem I see with young <3yrs getting sick is that a simple cold
plugs them up, unlike the older kids/adults. Plugged body fluids become
infected. We were designed to be adults, not kids. Kids get sick a lot because
of mechanical problems - they are physically too small. (high school physics -
flow is proportional to the cube of the radius, right?) I encourage the
humidifiers/vaporizers and down play decongestants.
Now for a financial proposition - I think all pediatricians should sell their
blood. Bag this synergist stuff - we could sell Pediagist! Buy blood products
from pediatricians and daycare workers based on their years of direct patient
care - pool it -- and SELL it! Guaranteed to ward off all known viruses!
-g barden
Julia Winter wrote:
> Speaking of exposure to viri, I'm interested in the theory that early and
> frequent exposure to (mild) pathogens is actually "good" for kids, in that
> it reduces the risk/incidence of allergies. To quote a British friend of
> mine "You can't be TOO hygienic, that's wot I always say!" Is anyone out
> there familiar with the research behind this proposition?
>
> Julia Winter M.S. M.D.
> General Pediatrician who studied Nutritional Sciences
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
Graham Barden wrote:
> Now for a financial proposition - I think all pediatricians should sell their
> blood. Bag this synergist stuff - we could sell Pediagist! Buy blood products
> from pediatricians and daycare workers based on their years of direct patient
> care - pool it -- and SELL it! Guaranteed to ward off all known viruses!
I like that idea!! Dr. Mirkin's SUPERimmune Globulin!!
--
Have a Happy Millennial New Year------Gary M. on LI
Clinton 8/17/98 GJ-59: "depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is"
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
>The biggest problem I see with young <3yrs getting sick is that a simple cold
>plugs them up, unlike the older kids/adults.
Well, the biggest problem we Moms see with chronically sick children
is that they whine, are listless, nothing goes right, have temper
tantrums at the drop of a hat and some of us (who aren't SAHM's) have
to miss work to be home with them. Which isn't bad, but it does
affect job performance. The also throw up on us, and get ear
infections that keep them up all night which keeps us up. And of
course we worry about them.
Also, if you mostly socialize with other parents of small children,
they don't want to see you so you have to go into solitary confinement
with these unhappy children for about a week.
And then, just when they are getting well, YOU get sick and you have
to care for active, happy children when YOU are not well. You can't
take a day off! Your temper gets short and it becomes hard to parent
effectively. And THEN, if he hasn't gotten it already, your husband
gets the cold and is miserable too. At which point...it is time for
the children to pick up a NEW virus!!!
I don't know if it is just where we live, but the kids normally get a
cold one in every 3-5 weeks, come rain, sun or snow. That's a LOT in
my opinion: let's see, that is 12 a year or more - does that seem
average?
They are 1 and 3 and not in daycare; I'm a SAHM...people say that
Luxembourg (where we live) is a 'sick place' though. I don't know on
what grounds but something is always going around here...
Yours,
Dorothy Lowry
RE: Don't blow it...your nose, that is
Ahhh Dorothy,
Isn't being a parent grand? LOL
The biggest aggravation I see with sick kidlets is those parents who insist
on sending their children out and about (as well as to school) with the most
disgusting nose, colds and illnesses.
If parents would only realize that keeping them home from a couple of days
would be most appreciated by those of us who don't look at the school system
as a dumping ground for their sick children, I would be most happy.
I realize that some parents are in such a tight bind that they can not
afford to take off of work when their kids are sick...but then .... there
are other options and there is such a thing as our taking responsibility for
our children (through sickness and in health). But, I won't even go there.
I am a stay at home mom/work at home mom (embroidery and web design) now so
I am here when my kids can't go to school. But, when I did work (and as a
computer programmer, there was no such thing as a normal 40 hour week), one
of us stayed home with the kids.
Kristin
> Well, the biggest problem we Moms see with chronically sick children
> is that they whine, are listless, nothing goes right, have temper
> tantrums at the drop of a hat and some of us (who aren't SAHM's) have
> to miss work to be home with them. Which isn't bad, but it does
> affect job performance. The also throw up on us, and get ear
> infections that keep them up all night which keeps us up. And of
> course we worry about them.
>
> Also, if you mostly socialize with other parents of small children,
> they don't want to see you so you have to go into solitary confinement
> with these unhappy children for about a week.
>
> And then, just when they are getting well, YOU get sick and you have
> to care for active, happy children when YOU are not well. You can't
> take a day off! Your temper gets short and it becomes hard to parent
> effectively. And THEN, if he hasn't gotten it already, your husband
> gets the cold and is miserable too. At which point...it is time for
> the children to pick up a NEW virus!!!
>
> I don't know if it is just where we live, but the kids normally get a
> cold one in every 3-5 weeks, come rain, sun or snow. That's a LOT in
> my opinion: let's see, that is 12 a year or more - does that seem
> average?
>
> They are 1 and 3 and not in daycare; I'm a SAHM...people say that
> Luxembourg (where we live) is a 'sick place' though. I don't know on
> what grounds but something is always going around here...
>
> Yours,
> Dorothy Lowry
>
>
> This message is from PEDTALK - a Pediatric Focused email
> discussion group.
>
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
At 08:50 AM 02/15/2000 +0100, Dorothy Lowry wrote:
>SNIP
>
>I don't know if it is just where we live, but the kids normally get a
>cold one in every 3-5 weeks, come rain, sun or snow. That's a LOT in
>my opinion: let's see, that is 12 a year or more - does that seem
>average?
This is from the Pediatric Advisor:
REQUENT INFECTIONS
DESCRIPTION
Some children seem to have the constant sniffles. They get one cold after
another. Many a parent wonders, "Isn't my child having too many
colds?" Children start to get colds after about 6 months of age. During
infancy and the preschool years they average seven or eight colds a
year. During the school-age years they average five or six colds a
year. During adolescence they finally reach an adult level of
approximately four colds a year. Colds account for more than 50 percent of
all acute illnesses with fever.
In addition, children can have diarrheal illnesses (with or without
vomiting) two or three times per year. Some children are especially
worrisome to their parents because they tend to get high fevers with most
of their colds or they have sensitive gastrointestinal (GI) tracts and
develop diarrhea with most of their colds.
SIMILAR CONDITION: ALLERGIES
If your child is over age 3 years, sneezes a lot, has a clear nasal
discharge that lasts over a month, doesn't have a fever, and especially if
these symptoms occur during pollen season, your child probably has a nasal
allergy. Allergies are much easier to treat than frequent colds because
medicines are effective at controlling symptoms.
CAUSES
The main reason your child is getting all these infections is that he or
she is being exposed to new viruses. There are at least 200 different cold
viruses. The younger the child, the less the previous exposure and
subsequent protection. Your child is exposed more if he or she attends day
care, play group, a church nursery, or a preschool. Your child has more
indirect exposures if he has older siblings in school. Therefore, colds
are more common in large families. The rate of colds triples in the winter
when people spend more time crowded together indoors breathing recirculated
air. In addition, smoking in the home increases your child's
susceptibility to colds, coughs, ear infections, sinus infections, croup,
wheezing, and asthma.
WHAT DOESN'T CAUSE FREQUENT INFECTIONS
Most parents are worried that their repeatedly ill child has some serious
underlying disease. A child with immune system disease (inadequate
antibody or white blood cell production) doesn't experience any more colds
than the average child. Instead, the child has two or more bouts per year
of pneumonia, sinus infection, draining lymph nodes, or boils and heals
slowly from these infections. In addition, a child with a serious disease
does not gain weight adequately nor appear well between bouts of
infection. Tell your physician if your family is worried about a
particular diagnosis so your physician can discuss this concern with
you. Also, recurrent ear infections don't mean that your child has a
serious health problem. They mean only that the eustachian tubes don't
drain properly.
Some parents worry that they have in some way neglected their child or done
something wrong to cause frequent colds. On the contrary, having all these
colds is an unavoidable part of growing up. Colds are the one infection
which can't be prevented. From a medical standpoint, colds are an
unavoidable educational experience for your child's immune system.
DEALING WITH FREQUENT INFECTIONS
1. Look at your child's general health.
If your child is vigorous and gaining weight, you don't have to worry about
his or her basic health. Your child is no sicker than the average child of
her age. Children get over colds by themselves. Although you can reduce
the symptoms, you can't shorten the course of each cold. Your child will
muddle through like every other child. The long-term outlook is good. The
number of colds will decrease over the years as your child's body builds up
a good antibody supply to the various viruses. For perspective, note the
findings of a recent survey: On any given day 10 percent of children have
colds, 8 percent have fevers, 5 percent have diarrhea, and 3 percent have
ear infections.
2. Send your child back to school as soon as possible.
The main requirement for returning your child to day care or school is that
the fever is gone and the symptoms are not excessively noisy or distracting
to classmates. It doesn't make sense to keep a child home until we can
guarantee that he or she is no longer shedding any viruses because this
could take 2 or 3 weeks. If isolation for respiratory infections were
taken seriously, insufficient days would remain to educate children. Also
the "germ warfare" that normally occurs in schools is fairly
uncontrollable. Most children shed germs during the first days of their
illness before they even look sick or have symptoms. In other words,
contact with respiratory infections is unavoidable in group settings such
as schools or day care.
Also, as long as your child's fever has cleared, there is no reason he or
she cannot attend parties, play with friends after school, and go on
scheduled trips. Gym and team sports may need to be postponed for a few
days.
3. Try not to miss work.
When both parents work, these repeated colds are extremely inconvenient and
costly. Since the complication rate is low and the improvement rate is
slow, don't hesitate to leave your child with someone else at these
times. Perhaps you have a baby sitter who is willing to care for a child
with a fever. Because there are so many working mothers these days, "sick
child" day care programs are starting to spring up around the country and
can be another alternative to staying home with your child.
If your child goes to day care or preschool, he or she can go back once the
fever is gone. There is no reason to prolong the recovery at home if you
need to return to work. Early return of a child with a respiratory illness
won't increase the complication rate for your child or the exposure rate
for other children. Likewise, you don't need to cancel an important social
engagement because your child has a minor acute illness. In addition, you
don't need to take your child out of preschool or day care permanently
because of these repeated illnesses. Consider switching to a small
home-based day care if your child is less than 2 years old. Also find
another day care if someone on the day care staff smokes on-site.
WHAT DOESN'T HELP
There are no instant cures for recurrent colds and other viral
illnesses. Antibiotics are not helpful unless your child develops
complications such as an ear infection, sinus infection, or
pneumonia. Having your child's tonsils removed is not helpful because
colds are not caused by bad tonsils. Colds are not caused by poor diet or
lack of vitamins. They are not caused by bad weather, air conditioners, or
wet feet. Again, the best time to have these infections and develop
immunity is during childhood.
Written by B.D. Schmitt, M.D., author of "Your Child's Health," Bantam Books.
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
Graham had a funny "money making scheme"--
>Now for a financial proposition - I think all pediatricians should sell their
>blood. Bag this synergist stuff - we could sell Pediagist! Buy blood products
>from pediatricians and daycare workers based on their years of direct patient
>care - pool it -- and SELL it! Guaranteed to ward off all known viruses!
Actually, a similar thought has crossed my mind, but in a serious mode. I
know that as a highly-exposed individual, I should make an extra effort to
sit down with my local children's hospital and make a phoresis appointment
so they can extract IVIG from me. I've thought about this for years, but
I'm embarassed to say I still haven't acted on it.
Maybe one of you pediatricians out there will do it, and then some little
immune-depressed kid will have a really good couple of months!
(Of course, IVIG is rapidly becoming the "steroids of the 21st century," so
there's no guarantee that your immunoglobulins will go to help an
immune-compromised child.)
Julia Winter M.S. M.D.
General Pediatrician who studied Nutritional Sciences
(Alumnus of UIUC's Med Scholar Program)
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
In a message dated 2/13/2000 5:46:00 PM Eastern Standard Time,
hidden@email-address writes:
> FWIW, I tell families that kids with perforated TM's, otitis externa,
> and/or significant otitis media should avoid getting water in their ears
> until they've been treated for several days and are feeling better, but I
> know of no contraindication to swimming with most illnesses.
>
> What do others advise regarding kids swimming when sick?
I tell them just about the same thing.
Moshe Adler, MD
Don't blow it...your nose, that is
At 09:01 PM 02/13/2000 +0100, Dorothy Lowry wrote:
>I'm wondering if the pool is chlorinated enough to kill the cold virus
>once expelled into the water? We were assuming that it wasn't, so
>were avoiding the pool while sick.
I don't know exactly how hardy Rhino and other respiratory viruses are
compared to Enteroviruses, but because polio could be passed via swimming
pools, it stands to reason that other viruses likely could also.
>In addition, I have a friend whose pediatrician said to stop baby swim
>classes completely during the fall/winter because of multiple
>recurrent ear infections. Her baby is 12 months old now and it wasn't
>a dunking class, just a familiarization to water class...she (the
>doctor) did not explain why...is there some link between getting the
>ears wet and middle ear infections? or is it because the baby might
>get chilled while changing? or is it simply because there are too many
>viruses hanging out at the pool? Hence my personal reluntance to
>"share my snot" with other bathers...
Getting water in the ears doesn't cause middle ear infections.
Exposure to cold weather, in the absence of exposure to an infectious
agent, doesn't cause middle ear infections.
My *guess* is that, overall, exposure to respiratory viruses in a swimming
class is likely to be less than in a "kiddie gym" class, where infants and
toddlers are touching and mouthing everything in sight and are probably
going to be doing a whole lot more "snot sharing." I personally can't
remember either of my kids getting sick soon after any of their swimming
classes in all the years we went to the YMCA, but my older daughter's first
major URI / fever came a few days after playing with the "germ balls" at
her second kiddie gym class. She had to miss the next class due to the
illness, and when she returned two weeks later, it turned out that more
than half the kids in the class had been sick with similar symptoms and
also skipped the same class. Anecdotal, yes. Coincidence?????
FWIW, I tell families that kids with perforated TM's, otitis externa,
and/or significant otitis media should avoid getting water in their ears
until they've been treated for several days and are feeling better, but I
know of no contraindication to swimming with most illnesses.
What do others advise regarding kids swimming when sick?
Michael Sachs, M.D.
General Pediatrician